My Final Essay

Summaries the main effect of globalization and discuss to what extent they are beneficial to your subject area.

       

            GLOBALISATION, a term that was used infrequently before the 1990s, is now common manner of speaking. It refers primarily to an economic system in which raw materials, manufactured goods, intellectual property and financial transactions flow freely although not equally across international borders under the supervision only of an international trade authority (Ehrenfeld D, 2003). It also refers to the homogenization of language and cultural identity that accompanies this change of material, ideas and money.

         This present wave of globalization has been motivated by policies that have opened economies domestically and internationally. After the Second World War, and especially during the past two decades, many governments have adopted free-market economic systems, enormously increasing their own productive potential and creating numerous new opportunities for international trade and investment. They also have negotiated remarkable reductions in barriers to commerce and have established international agreements to promote trade in goods, services, and investment. Corporations have built foreign factories and established production and marketing arrangements with foreign partners by taking benefit of new opportunities in foreign markets. ( Endowment c, 2003).

          Rapid progression of science and technology in the 21st century largely changed the industrial structure, society and the way of life and brought significant benefits such as overcome of many diseases and prolongation of life-span. The pharmaceutical industry has taken advantage of the modern trend of globalisation to increase their assets and power in medical healthcare across the globe. Companies spend large amounts of money on advertising, marketing and lobbying. The industry spends roughly US$19 billion a year for that sole cause. In some countries, such as the United States of America, companies are allowed to promote their firms or products directly to the public. Consequently, this has allowed some companies to specialize in data and analytics for pharmaceutical marketing (Ministry of health, labor and welfare, 2007).

          

        Globalization shows its impact on Indian Pharmaceutical Industry that it brought in huge amounts of foreign currency into the industry which in its turn helped to boost the Indian economy. As many transnational pharmaceutical companies are now linked with the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry it increased the number of jobs that were available to the people of this country. Foreign pharmaceutical companies also brought in highly advanced technology into the Indian Pharmaceutical industries and this improved the quality of medicines that were available to the native people. Many Indian pharmaceutical companies took over international pharmaceutical companies such as Ranbaxy merged with Croslands, Wockhardt with Merind7, and Nicholas Piramal with Sumitra Pharma. This helped the Indian pharmaceutical companies to grow and make even more profits (Globalisation of Indian Pharmaceutical  Industry).

           Clinical research is now considered as one of the promising and fastest growing area in the Pharmaceutical industry. According to the Lead Discovery reports, the global clinical trials industry is currently about $10 billion and has the potential for fast growth in the future. The Indian clinical trial market has grown from $35 million in 2002 to $120 million in 2006. It was estimated that this market will grow to a large extent by 2010. Centre Watch expects it to be around US$ 250-300 million1, whereas McKinsey estimates a much higher figure of US$ 1.0-1.5 billion2. In 2002 40-50 clinical trials were conducted by 200-250 investigators and presently we have 700-1000 investigators in India. In USA 40000 investigators are conducting about 60000 trials (Dr.Mandal S C, 2008). In medicines research cooperation of transnational industries would also have great economic advantages for rising two-way trade by reducing development costs of drugs in both countries. It would represent a most important opportunity for ensuring that the expenditure of public monies in this area is restricted to products offering proven profit to the community in terms of both costs and comparative effectiveness. For example, in order to achieve this mutually beneficial end a China-Australia create the opportunity for ongoing exchange of ideas between the drug regulatory and pricing authorities of both countries to ensure suitable regulatory harmonization, compatibility and transparency (Faunce T  A,2005).

 

            Global pharmaceutical communities decided to come together in their efforts to deal with globalisation of infectious diseases. Under the control of the United Nations and its agencies, such as UNAIDS, WHO, UNICEF and UN-Habitat, 191 member countries of the United Nations pledged to attain eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015. It have Five  goals are in the health area; they are reducing child death, reversing the spread of HIV/AIDS, improving maternal health, and malaria, and ensuring sustainable environmental health. They also tackle with those determinants of health such as reducing the proportion of people without sustainable safe drinking water, and improving the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers.(Dr.Shisana O,2005) To ensure that these goals are implemented, the member states pledged to establish a global partnership for development with the objective of developing further “an open trading and financial system that is rule-based, predictable and non-discriminatory” that includes a “commitment to good governance, development and poverty reduction -nationally and internationally” (UN Millennium Development Goals).

 

            

              The above essay concludes that Globalisation is very common now a day’s and it affects on various areas, which includes business, culture, language, ideas and services. Pharmaceutical companies have achieved great success because of Globalisation; this has increased their profit and power in medical healthcare all over the world. The link between transnational companies with many developing and developed countries like India, China, Australia and America has resulted in increase in their economy. The above figures of clinical research prove that it is one of the fast growing areas of pharmaceutical sciences. Global pharmaceutical communities have come together in order to tackle with various infectious diseases and has helped in increasing the standard of living. After studying the impacts of Globalisation in the field of pharmaceutical sciences I strongly believe that it will surely bring development in this field through new researches and inventions.

Going through information about my master.

I am going through some information about my master in pharmaceutical science.I got information about course module which subject is compalsory and which is having option.

These subject is compalsory

1) Drug discovery technology.
2) Contemporary pharmaceuticals, synthesis, development and production.
3) Pharmaceutical analysis and quality assurance.
4) Scientific framework.

optional modules include:
1) Systems pharmacology.
2) Neuropharmacology.
3) Drug and poison analysis.
4) Bioinformatics and molecular modeling.
5) Advanced immunology.

PREPARING FOR PRESENTATION

I have been going through many articles, books, videoes and guides from last two days for my presentation. I discovered many tips on how to prepare a presentation and present it a better manner. I also came to know about many new aspects in the field of pharmaceutical science.

 

GLOBALISATION HOW TO AFFECT PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE?

Globalisation can be described as a process which the people of the world are into a single society. This process is a combination of economic, technological, socio-cultural and political forces. The Pharmaceutical factor comes as a hybrid of economic and technological forces. The trend of Globalisation was first recognized in the mid-1940s and the term was later used in 1981. The pharmaceutical industry is a commercial business whose focus is to research, develop and/or distribute drugs - conventionally under the context of healthcare.

                In March 2001, South Africa was sued by 41 Pharmaceutical companies for their Medicine Act, which approved the import and generic production of cheap AIDS drugs. The case was later dropped after protest around the world. This incident clearly reflects the influence of pharmaceutical matters on the international scene. Although, it would be a mistake to consider that all effects of globalization on the pharmaceutical industry are negative – or for that matter, entirely positive.

                The pharmaceutical industry has taken advantage of the modern trend of globalisation to increase their assets and power in medical healthcare across the globe. Companies spend large amounts of money on advertising, marketing and lobbying (government or parliament i.e. the decision-making body). The industry spends roughly US$19 billion a year for that sole cause. In some countries, such as the United State s of America, companies are allowed to promote their firms or products directly to the public. Consequently, this has allowed some companies to specialize in data and analytics for pharmaceutical marketing. An example of this phenomenon is Yellowikis, to name one out of many.

                There have also been drastic improvements to the state of third-world countries. In China, the portion of the population living with a daily income of $1-$2 per day was decreased by 52% in 28 years. This was due to the country’s participation in the World Trade Organisation – and in effect, a direct participation in globalisation. Under the rules of the World Trade Organisation, a developing country has options for obtaining needed medications under compulsory licensing or importation of cheaper versions of the drugs, even before patent expiration.

Pharmaceutical companies often offer much needed medication at no or reduced cost to the developing countries. There have been numerous contributions in the past, with many more expected to follow. The ‘Marks Gift’ initiative donated billions of River Blindness drugs in Africa. There was also Pfizer’s gift of free or discounted Fluconazole and other drugs to combat AIDS in South Africa. GSK committed itself to give free Albenzadole tables for, and until, the elimination of lymphatic filariasis world-wide. Finally, in 2006, Novartis committed $755 million in corporate citizenship initiatives around the world, mainly focusing on improved access to medicines in the developing world through its access Medicine Projects. This included donation of medicine to patients affected by leprosy, tuberculosis and malaria; Glivec patient assistance programmes and relief to support major humanitarian organisations with emergency medical needs.

                 Even though it is certain that these charitable and humanitarian projects have saved and improved many lives world-wide, some acts by pharmaceutical companies are seen as either dangerous to human health or attempted tutelage of the market in certain geographic boundaries. In 1996, a paediatric clinical trial conducted on behalf of Pfizer tested the anti-biotic Trovan allegedly without first obtaining the informed consent of participants or their parents. This occurrence took place in Nigeria.

                Following up, proposals to allow the manufacture generic AIDS drugs among the industry’s many firms are without controversy. This is because it is feared this may cause a move in the pharmaceutical companies away from AIDS drugs research to focus on more profitable areas. This could be summed up as indirect blackmail by the pharmaceutical companies which may claim human lives in the future.

                 It is without doubt that globalisation has had a role and many effects to play on the pharmaceutical industry, as well as the public well-being around the globe. Despite some misgivings, it could be argues that many developments have been achieved in this particular industry, and as a result, benefited millions of people world-wide.

                 As Kofi Annan once said, “It has been said that arguing against globalisation is like arguing against the law of gravity.” It is confiding to know that the pharmaceutical industry’s compliance with this phenomenal force spawns far more positive results than the negative.

self study

TODAY I WAS DONE MY SELF STUDY BY SOLVING DIFFERENT EXERSIZE FROM EPACK -:ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE AND I  ENJOYING MORE TO SOLVE PRESENTING QUIZ (DO YOU WANT TO BE A MILLIONAIRE) THIS IS VERY INTERESTING THAN OTHER.I ALSO DONE READING, LISTNING, GRAMMAR.

My First Draft

GLOBALISATION ITS EFFECT AND HOW MUCH IT  IS BENEFICIAL TO PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE

OUTLINE

 

 

1.     Introduction

2.     History of globalization and how it changes recently?

3.     Globalization of Pharmaceutical Science

 

 

INTRODUCTION

 

        GLOBALISATION, a term that was used infrequently before the 1990s, is now in common manner of speaking. It refers primarily to an economic system in which raw materials, manufactured goods, intellectual property and financial transactions flow freely (although not equally) across international borders under the supervision only of an international trade authority (David Ehrenfeld,2003). It also refers to the homogenization of language and cultural identity that accompanies this flux of material, ideas and money.

         This present wave of globalization has been motivated by policies that have opened economies domestically and internationally. In the years since the Second World War, and especially during the past two decades, many governments have adopted free-market economic systems, enormously increasing their own productive potential and creating myriad new opportunities for international trade and investment. Governments also have negotiated remarkable reductions in barriers to commerce and have established international agreements to promote trade in goods, services, and investment. Taking benefit of new opportunities in foreign markets, corporations have built foreign factories and established production and marketing arrangements with foreign partners. A defining feature of globalization, therefore, is an international industrial and financial business structure (Carnegie Endowment,2003).

           In the past quarter of a century, the pharmaceutical industry has undergone huge steps towards globalization. Pharmaceutical globalization has resulted in the creation of at least a couple of companies that have achieved nearly ten percent market shares. And ten percent of global pharmaceutical sales and revenue is not minute pickings.

         Globalization of the pharmaceutical industry actually is a fairly recent trend considering the overall existence of the industry. Globalization has occurred primarily through the merger of different pharmaceutical companies. These mergers have resulted in huge companies with operations spanning the entire globe.

          Advantages of globalization in pharmaceutical industries found in the area of research and development. Globalization has increased the revenue stream of pharmaceutical companies which these companies contend expands their ability to undertake significant research and development program. These companies argue that absent globalization and the significant revenue and profit streams enjoyed currently by pharmaceutical companies, these companies could not undertake research and development on the various drugs they are working on at this time. The companies contend that, for example, research on drugs to control or even rid the world of AIDS and HIV could not be undertaken absent the revenue currently flowing into the pharmaceutical industry in this day and age. One of the benefits of globalization has been to make certain drugs available to impoverished nations. The pharmaceutical industry contends that globalization has brought drugs that never would have reached these poorer countries medicines can be more readily available to end use consumers.

my first draft